Outliers are data points that differ significantly from other observations in a dataset. They can be caused by measurement errors, data entry errors, or simply by the presence of unusual events. Outliers can have a significant impact on statistical analyses, so it is important to be able to identify and deal with them.
There are a number of different methods for detecting outliers in SPSS. One common method is to use the z-score. The z-score is a measure of how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean. Data points with z-scores greater than 3 or less than -3 are considered to be outliers.
